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SAEM Clinical Images Series: Male Weightlifter with Chest Pain

hyperacute

An otherwise healthy 45-year-old male presented to the emergency department (ED) with substernal chest pain radiating down his left arm over the previous two days. On the first day of symptoms, his pain began several hours after using a new pre-workout supplement and weightlifting. The symptoms lasted for a few hours and self-resolved. The pain returned the following day under the same conditions, although this time persistent, which brought him in for evaluation. Associated symptoms included shortness of breath, nausea, and one episode of emesis. He denied pleuritic pain, lower extremity edema, hemoptysis, syncope, cough, or chest wall trauma. On further history, he reported prior use of anabolic steroids, with the last being six weeks prior to presentation. It was unclear what were the contents of the pre-workout supplement, but he denied any tobacco or illicit drug use. Notably, he had a significant family history of heart disease with his father having undergone coronary bypass at age 47. His initial ECG (Image 1) and interval ECG (Image 2) are shown.

 

Vitals: T 36.5°C; HR 74; RR 16; BP 161/107; SpO2 98% on RA

General: Uncomfortable and diaphoretic in moderate distress.

Cardiovascular: Normal rate and rhythm, no murmurs. Equal radial and PT pulses bilaterally.

Pulmonary: Non-labored breathing, lungs CTA bilaterally with equal breath sounds.

Extremities: Lower extremities without significant edema, symmetric in size.

Neuro: Alert and oriented, neurologically intact.

Complete blood count (CBC): mild polycythemia (Hgb 19.0 g/dL) and leukocytosis (WBC 10.1 x 10(9)/L)

Basic metabolic panel (BMP): Cr 1.22 mg/dL, GFR 75 mL/min/BSA, K 4.5 mmol/L

Troponin T, 5th generation: 97 ng/L (ref. range: <=15 mg/L)

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) with myocardial infarction. Hyperacute T waves are seen on the initial ECG.

This patient’s initial ECG (Image 1) raised concern for hyperacute T waves, which are often described as broad-based with a large amplitude. This subtle finding is difficult to differentiate from normal variants, hypertrophy, or hyperkalemia (1,2). Hyperacute T waves have been considered an early sign of acute coronary occlusion, however, current literature is mixed regarding their clinical utility, particularly given the lack of a formal ECG definition (3,4,5). The American College of Cardiology (ACC) recommends obtaining serial ECGs in patients with hyperacute T waves to assess for progression to STEMI (3). In this patient’s case, interventional cardiology was consulted, and the patient was given aspirin and sublingual nitroglycerin. He developed worsened chest pain, and a repeat ECG showed no significant changes. Shortly after, he went into ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest. A post-ROSC ECG (Image 2) showed concave ST elevations in the anterolateral leads with reciprocal ST depressions in the inferior leads, meeting STEMI criteria. Coronary angiography showed severe multivessel disease and 100% occlusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) artery. A drug-eluting stent was placed, and the patient was discharged home one week later with an intact neurologic status.

History of anabolic steroid use, pre-workout supplementation, and significant family history of CAD. In more recent years, the number of younger patients (35-54 years) hospitalized for ACS has increased (6). This trend is believed to be related to the increased use of illicit drugs, including marijuana and androgenic-anabolic steroids (AAS) (6). AAS is known to increase the risk of cardiac hypertrophy, ACS, and sudden cardiac death by increasing lipoprotein production, causing intimal hyperplasia of coronary arteries, and increasing clotting factors leading to a procoagulant state (7,8). Consensus on the adverse effects and overall safety of pre-workout supplements remains under debate and they remain unregulated by the FDA. Studies suggest that synephrine, a common product found in pre-workout supplements, may raise safety concerns due to its androgenic properties (9). A 2023 systematic review of adverse outcomes related to synephrine found associations with cardiomyopathy, ACS, arrhythmias, and cerebrovascular disease (9,10).

Take-Home Points

  • Hyperacute T waves, although not diagnostic in isolation, may be an early marker for occlusion myocardial infarction and if seen, serial ECGs should be performed.

  • A high degree of clinical suspicion for ACS should be maintained among patients with a history of androgenic-anabolic steroid use, even in young and otherwise healthy individuals.

  • Pre-workout supplements, especially those that contain the compound synephrine have been associated with ACS and other cardiovascular pathology.

  • Somers MP, Brady WJ, Perron AD, et al. The prominent T wave: electrocardiographic differential diagnosis. Am J Emerg Med 2002 May;20(3):243-51

  • Levis JT. ECG Diagnosis: Hyperacute T Waves. Perm J. 2015 Summer;19(3):79. doi: 10.7812/TPP/14-243. PMID:26176573; PMCID: PMC4500486.

  • Writing Committee; Kontos MC, de Lemos JA, Deitelzweig SB, Diercks DB, Gore MO, Hess EP, McCarthy CP, McCord JK, Musey PI Jr, Villines TC, Wright LJ. 2022 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on the Evaluation and Disposition of Acute Chest Pain in the Emergency Department: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022 Nov 15;80(20):1925-1960. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.08.750. Epub 2022 Oct 11. PMID: 36241466; PMCID: PMC10691881.

  • Koechlin L, Strebel I, Zimmermann T, Nestelberger T, Walter J, Lopez-Ayala P, Boeddinghaus J, Shrestha S, Arslani K, Stefanelli S, Reuthebuch B, Wussler D, Ratmann PD, Christ M, Badertscher P, Wildi K, Giménez MR, Gualandro DM, Miró Ò, Fuenzalida C, Martin-Sanchez FJ, Kawecki D, Bürgler F, Keller DI, Abächerli R, Reuthebuch O, Eckstein FS, Twerenbold R, Reichlin T, Mueller C; APACE investigators. Hyperacute T Wave in the Early Diagnosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction. Ann Emerg Med. 2023 Aug;82(2):194-202. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2022.12.003. Epub 2023 Feb 10. PMID: 36774205.

  • Smith SW, Meyers HP. Hyperacute T-waves Can Be a Useful Sign of Occlusion Myocardial Infarction if Appropriately Defined. Ann Emerg Med. 2023 Aug;82(2):203-206. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2023.01.011. Epub 2023 Mar 3. PMID: 36872197.

  • Bhatt DL, Lopes RD, Harrington RA. Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Review. JAMA. 2022;327(7):662-675.

  • Melchert RB, Welder AA. Cardiovascular effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995;27(9):1252-1262.

  • Pope HG, Jr., Kanayama G, Athey A, Ryan E, Hudson JI, Baggish A. The lifetime prevalence of anabolic-androgenic steroid use and dependence in Americans: current best estimates. Am J Addict. 2014;23(4):371-377.

  • de Jonge MLL, Kieviet LC, Sierts M, Egberink LB, van der Heyden MAG. Review of Case Reports on Adverse Events Related to Pre-workout Supplements Containing Synephrine. Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2023 Jan;23(1):1-9. doi: 10.1007/s12012-022-09777-z. Epub 2023 Jan 13. PMID: 36639595; PMCID: PMC9859859.

  • Flo FJ, Kanu O, Teleb M, Chen Y, Siddiqui T. Anabolic androgenic steroid-induced acute myocardial infarction with multiorgan failure. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2018;31(3):334-336

Copyright

Images and cases from the Society of Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) Clinical Images Exhibit at the 2023 SAEM Annual Meeting | Copyrighted by SAEM 2023 – all rights reserved. View other cases from this Clinical Image Series on ALiEM.

By |2025-01-30T10:12:40-08:00Feb 7, 2025|Cardiovascular, ECG, SAEM Clinical Images|
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SAEM Clinical Images Series: Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing

wolf

A 55-year-old female with a history of hyperlipidemia presents after a syncopal episode. She had mild nausea and diarrhea on the morning of presentation but otherwise had no prodromal symptoms before suddenly losing consciousness in a grocery store. Of note, she recalls a similar syncopal episode in the remote past, also preceded by gastrointestinal symptoms at that time. At present, she is symptom-free.

Vitals: BP 135/71; HR 52; Temp 98°F; RR 18; SpO2 100% on room air

General: Tired appearing

CV: 2+ peripheral pulses. Regular rate and rhythm, no murmurs, rubs, or gallops.

Pulmonary: No increased work of breathing. Lungs clear to auscultation bilaterally.

GI: Soft, non-distended, non-tender to palpation.

Non-contributory

Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome (WPW)

Short PR interval (< 0.12 seconds) and slowed upstroke of the QRS complex, referred to as a delta wave, which are both seen in our patient. These particular EKG findings define a “Wolff-Parkinson-White Pattern.”

WPW is a pre-excitation syndrome characterized by an accessory pathway caused by a congenital failure of cells to resorb near the AV valves. This accessory pathway conducts impulses faster than the AV node, causing a short PR interval. WPW Syndrome consists of characteristic EKG findings as well as symptomatic arrhythmias. Patients with WPW may classically present after a syncopal episode due to an arrhythmia involving the accessory pathway. Most commonly, WPW is associated with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) and atrial fibrillation.

First-line treatment for WPW-mediated tachyarrhythmia consists of procainamide, which blocks conduction through the accessory pathway. An exception to this would be the hemodynamically unstable patient, who should be cardioverted. AV nodal blocking agents should be avoided in patients with tachyarrhythmias as they can cause increased conduction to the ventricles through the accessory pathway, leading to potential ventricular arrhythmias and hemodynamic instability. Ablation of the accessory pathway is indicated in those with symptomatic tachyarrhythmias and leads to successful remission in about 90 percent of cases.

Take-Home Points

  • The WPW pattern on EKG consists of a short PR interval and a delta wave.
  • Patients with WPW Syndrome classically present with symptomatic arrhythmias (including syncope) and EKG findings consistent with WPW pattern.
  • The most common arrhythmias seen in WPW include AVNRT and atrial fibrillation, which should be managed with procainamide. Avoid the use of AV nodal blocking agents.

  • Conover MB. Diagnosis and management of arrhythmias associated with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Crit Care Nurse. 1994 Jun;14(3):30-9; quiz 40-1. PMID: 8194348.
  • Dagres N, Clague JR, Kottkamp H, Hindricks G, Breithardt G, Borggrefe M. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of accessory pathways. Outcome and use of antiarrhythmic drugs during follow-up. European heart journal. 1999 Dec 1;20(24):1826-32.
  • Wolff L, Parkinson J, White PD. Bundle-branch block with short P-R interval in healthy young people prone to paroxysmal tachycardia. 1930. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2006 Oct;11(4):340-53. doi: 10.1111/j.1542-474X.2006.00127.x. PMID: 17040283; PMCID: PMC6932258.

Copyright

Images and cases from the Society of Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) Clinical Images Exhibit at the 2023 SAEM Annual Meeting | Copyrighted by SAEM 2023 – all rights reserved. View other cases from this Clinical Image Series on ALiEM.

By |2023-11-12T13:55:35-08:00Nov 6, 2023|Cardiovascular, ECG, SAEM Clinical Images|
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SAEM Clinical Image Series: A Young Woman with Chest Pain

ECG

A 35-year-old female with a history of intermittent palpitations who is three months post-partum presented to the emergency department (ED) with three days of sharp, substernal chest pain radiating down her left arm. She reportedly had a normal electrocardiogram (ECG) at an outside hospital on the first day of symptoms. The pain returned and was associated with one episode of vomiting the night prior to presenting to our ED. Initial ECG on arrival is shown.

Vitals: Tachycardic; afebrile; normotensive; no tachypnea or hypoxemia on room air

General: Mild distress, appears uncomfortable

Cardiovascular: Tachycardic to 100s, regular rhythm, no murmur, normal peripheral perfusion, no edema

Pulmonary: Lungs clear to auscultation, no respiratory distress

Neuro: Alert and oriented, neurologically intact

Complete blood count (CBC) and basic metabolic panel (BMP): unremarkable

Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) and international normalized ratio (INR): normal

Troponin: 42

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD).

The patient underwent emergent coronary angiography demonstrating multivessel coronary dissection including a distal left anterior descending (LAD) hematoma with lumen compression as well as obtuse marginal (OM1) and posterior descending artery (PDA) lesions consistent with spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD). She was admitted to the intensive care unit on a heparin drip, had decreasing troponin levels, and ultimately was discharged home on enalapril, metoprolol, aspirin, and clopidogrel.

SCAD is a rare but important diagnosis in the ED as it conveys serious morbidity and mortality risk. Patients present with chest pain, dyspnea, diaphoresis, and potentially signs or symptoms of heart failure from severe ischemia. Most patients are women under the age of 50, and many are pregnant, postpartum, or taking oral contraceptives. This may be mistaken for other diagnoses on presentation, such as ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) or takotsubo cardiomyopathy, which usually presents in post-menopausal patients, but SCAD differs in its typical patient population. Wall motion abnormalities on an echocardiogram are present, but there are not always signs of heart failure as in post-partum cardiomyopathy. Patients are often taken for urgent coronary angioplasty, though in cases with marked ischemia or hemodynamic instability, emergent coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) may be indicated. Recurrence is common; patients should be counseled on mitigating cardiovascular risk factors, particularly smoking and hypertension, and to be cautious with intense exertion and future pregnancies.

Sex, age, and postpartum status.

Take-Home Points

  • ECG typically shows ST elevation in the leads of the dissecting artery or arteries. Important risk factors include oral contraceptive use, being pregnant or postpartum, and fibromuscular dysplasia.
  • ED management includes aspirin, heparin, and immediate cardiology consultation, as a definitive diagnosis will be made in the cath lab.

  • Yip A, Saw J. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection-A review. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2015 Feb;5(1):37-48. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-3652.2015.01.08. PMID: 25774346; PMCID: PMC4329168.
  • Macaya F, Salinas P, Gonzalo N, Fernández-Ortiz A, Macaya C, Escaned J. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: contemporary aspects of diagnosis and patient management. Open Heart. 2018 Nov 5;5(2):e000884. doi: 10.1136/openhrt-2018-000884. PMID: 30487978; PMCID: PMC6241978.

Copyright

Images and cases from the Society of Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) Clinical Images Exhibit at the 2021 SAEM Annual Meeting | Copyrighted by SAEM 2021 – all rights reserved. View other cases from this Clinical Image Series on ALiEM.

 

By |2021-10-26T20:58:04-07:00Nov 1, 2021|Cardiovascular, ECG, SAEM Clinical Images|
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Diagnosis on Sight: “I have a rapid heart rate”

A 31-year-old male presented to the emergency department with palpitations. The patient stated that he thinks his symptoms began “last night” and felt like he had “a rapid heart rate.” He said that prior to last night he felt fine. He did admit to drinking alcohol with his friends 2 nights prior. The patient estimated that he “must have drunk about 30 beers.” On review of systems, he reported feeling anxious. He denied illicit drug use, headache, chest pain, cough, shortness of breath, fevers, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dysuria, or increased urinary frequency. He reported that he was unaware of any family history of early heart disease or sudden death. His initial EKG is shown below.

After consultation with cardiology, the decision was made to cardiovert the patient given the wide complex tachycardia.  After cardioversion, the resulting EKG is shown below:

On review of previous records, the patient had a recent ED visit 2 months ago with the EKG shown below:

What is the diagnosis?

Preexcited atrial fibrillation with underlying Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome

Explanation:

Wolf-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome and the WPW pattern on EKG are rare disorders. Only 0.13 – 0.25% of the population have a WPW pattern on EKG [1,2]. However, only a small fraction of these people will develop WPW syndrome. WPW syndrome is defined as a symptomatic arrhythmia with a WPW pattern on EKG.

The patient’s initial EKG showed a wide complex tachycardia that was ultimately determined to be preexcited rapid atrial fibrillation. After cardioversion, the patient’s underlying baseline EKG tracing showed findings of Wolf-Parkinson-White with:

  • A shortened PR interval
  • Widened QRS complex
  • Delta wave: Slurred upstroke of the QRS complex

The most common arrhythmias associated with WPW syndrome are:

  • AV Reentrant Tachycardia (AVRT): Seen in over 90% of patients with WPW syndrome [3,4]
  • Atrial Fibrillation: 10-30% [5,6]
  • Atrial Flutter: Less than 5%

As in this case, AVRT (i.e. SVT) is often followed by atrial fibrillation in patients with WPW. Although the pathophysiology is unclear, up to 35% of instances of atrial fibrillation were preceded by AVRT [5,7,8].

Fortunately, fatal dysrhythmias such as ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia are very rare with WPW.

Case Conclusion:

Following cardioversion, the patient remained stable in sinus rhythm. After consultation with cardiology, the patient was discharged on Flecainide and Metoprolol and a referral for outpatient cardiology was placed for follow-up care. Soon after, the patient had an electrophysiology study that showed a left posterolateral accessory conduction pathway. He then underwent successful ablation of his orthodromic AVRT.

Want more visual stimulation? Check out the Diagnose on Sight archives!

 

References:

  1. Krahn AD, Manfreda J, Tate RB, et al. The natural history of electrocardiographic preexcitation in men. The Manitoba Follow-up Study. Ann Intern Med 1992; 116:456. PMID: 1739235
  2. Kobza R, Toggweiler S, Dillier R, et al. Prevalence of preexcitation in a young population of male Swiss conscripts. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2011; 34:949. PMID: 21453334
  3. Josephson ME. Preexcitation syndromes. In: Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology, 4th, Lippincot Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 2008. p.339.
  4. Chugh A, Morady F. Atrioventricular reentry and variants. In: Cardiac electrophysiology from cell to bedside, 5th edition, Zipes DP, Jalife J (Eds), Saunders/Elsevier, Philadelphia 2009. p.605-614.
  5. Campbell RW, Smith RA, Gallagher JJ, et al. Atrial fibrillation in the preexcitation syndrome. Am J Cardiol 1977; 40:514. PMID: 910715
  6. Sharma AD, Klein GJ, Guiraudon GM, Milstein S. Atrial fibrillation in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: incidence after surgical ablation of the accessory pathway. Circulation 1985; 72:161. PMID: 4006127
  7. Sung RJ, Castellanos A, Mallon SM, et al. Mechanisms of spontaneous alternation between reciprocating tachycardia and atrial flutter-fibrillation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Circulation 1977; 56:409. PMID: 884796
  8. Fujimura O, Klein GJ, Yee R, Sharma AD. Mode of onset of atrial fibrillation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: how important is the accessory pathway? J Am Coll Cardiol 1990; 15:1082. PMID: 2312962
By |2021-08-27T09:10:41-07:00Aug 25, 2021|Cardiovascular, Diagnose on Sight, ECG|
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SAEM Clinical Image Series: Another Heart Attack?

Another heart attack

[Figure 1: Click for larger view]

Chief Complaint: Chest pain

History of Present Illness: An 89-year-old female with a past medical history of coronary artery disease and with recent admission for myocardial infarction that was medically managed, presented with chest pain and shortness of breath. She reports worsening midsternal chest pain that occasionally radiates to her back and right arm since discharge.

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By |2019-07-28T21:30:40-07:00Jul 23, 2019|Cardiovascular, ECG, SAEM Clinical Images, Ultrasound|
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Ultrasound For The Win! – 57F with Chest Pain and Dyspnea #US4TW

Welcome to another ultrasound-based case, part of the “Ultrasound For The Win!” (#US4TW) Case Series. In this case series, we focus on a real clinical case where point-of-care ultrasound changed the management of a patient’s care or aided in the diagnosis. In this case, a 57-year-old woman presents with chest pain and dyspnea.

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By |2018-08-26T19:17:12-07:00Aug 27, 2018|Cardiovascular, ECG, Ultrasound, Ultrasound for the Win|
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